• Yeast - Industrial Biotech
• Bacteria (non Filamentous)
• Plant Cells
• Filamentous Cells (Fungi and Streptomyces)
• Animal Cells
• Immobilised cells
• Water Industry
• Biotransformations & Toxicology
• Solid Substrate
• Radio Frequency Impedance

Yeast - Industrial Biotech

#	Description
7	Stoicheva, N.G., Davey, C.L., Markx, G.H. & Kell, D.B. (1989) Dielectric spectroscopy: a rapid method for the determination of solvent biocompatibility during biotransformations. Biocatalysis 2, 245-255.
28	Davey, C.L., Davey, H.M. and Kell, D.B. (1992) On the dielectric properties of cell suspensions at high volume fractions. Bioelectrochem. Bioenerg. 28, 319-340 [Simple but accurate model for loss of linearity between dielectric increment and biomass content at high volume fractions (yeast and bacteria)]
42	Markx, G.H. & Kell, D.B. (1994) The use of dielectric permittivity for the control of the biomass level during biotransformations of toxic substrates in continuous culture. Advanced ACS Abstracts, Sept 15, 1994. [Use of Biomass Monitor using capacitance to control Biomass level: benzaldehyde; developing toxic resistant yeast line; control; biotransformations; continuous culture]
121	O'Reilly, B.T., Hilton, M.D. Improved fed-batch fermentation through maintenance of specific productivity by indexing the glucose feed rate to capacitance-measured biomass in Pichia pastoris. ACS Natl. 2002
122	Meinander, N.Q., Hahn-Hagerdal B. Influence of cosubstrate concentration on Xylose conversion by recombinant, XYL1-expressing Saccharomyces cerevisiae: a comparision of different sugars and ethanaol as cosubstrates. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 1997, Vol 63, No.5, p 1959-1964

Bacteria (non Filamentous)

#	Description
28	Davey, C.L., Davey, H.M. and Kell, D.B. (1992) On the dielectric properties of cell suspensions at high volume fractions. Bioelectrochem. Bioenerg. 28, 319-340 [Simple but accurate model for loss of linearity between dielectric increment and biomass content at high volume fractions (yeast and bacteria)]
80	Williams, John & Carvell, John, Aber Instruments - Recent Trends in On-line Measurement of Viable Biomass In Industrial Scale Fermentation Systems (Large Biotech Case Study)
109	Ferreira, A.P., Vieira, L.M. and Menezes, J.C. Evaluation of a new annualar capacitance probe for biomass monitoring in industrial pilot-scale fermenations. Journal of Biotechnology Vol 116, Issue 4, April 05 p 403-409
126	Ferreira, A.P., Lopes, J.A., Cardoso de Menezes J. Modelling industrial fermenation data with multiway multivariate techniques. 8th International IFAC Symposium on Dynamics and Control of Process Systems. Vol 1, June 6-8 2007 Cancun Me

Plant Cells

#	Description
22	Markx, G.H., Davey, C.L., Kell, D.B. & Morris, P. (1991) The dielectric permittivity at radio frequencies and the Bruggeman probe: novel techniques for the on-line determination of biomass concentrations in plant cell cultures. J. Biotechnol., 20, 279-290 [Use of the Biomass Monitor for determining biomass concentrations in plant cell cultures].

Filamentous Cells (Fungi and Streptomyces)

#	Description
25	Fehrenbach, R., Comberbach, M. & P?tre, J.O. (1992) On-line biomass monitoring by capacitance measurement.
53	Nicholson, D.J., Kell, D.B., & Davey, C.L., (1996) Deconvolution of the dielectric spectra of microbial cell suspensions using multivariate calibration and artificial neural networks. [Bioelectrochem. Bioenerg. 39, 185-193]
69	Sarra, M., Ison, A.P., Lilly, M.D., (1996) The relationships between biomass concentration, determined by a capacitance-based probe, rheology and morphology of Saccharopolyspora erythraea cultures. Journal of Biotechnology (1996) Vol 51 pp. 157-165
80	Williams, John & Carvell, John, Aber Instruments - Recent Trends in On-line Measurement of Viable Biomass In Industrial Scale Fermentation Systems (Large Biotech Case Study)
85	Neves A., Pereira D., Vieira L., Menezes J., Real time monitoring biomass concentration in Steptomyces clavuligerus cultivation with industrial media using a capaciatnce probe

Animal Cells

#	Description
4	Davey, C.L., Kell, D.B., Kemp, R.B. & Meredith, R.W.J. (1988) On the audio- and radio-frequency dielectric behaviour of anchorage-independent, mouse L929-derived LS fibroblasts. Bioelectrochemistry and bioenergetics 20, 83-98. [Demonstration of linearity between biomass and dielectric increment for suspension cultures of animal cells, and effect of morphology, osmolarity]
34	Cerckel, I., Garcia, A., Degouys, V., Dubois, D., Fabry, L. & Miller, A.O.A. (1993) Dielectric spectroscopy of mammalian cells 1. Evaluation of the biomass of HeLa- and CHO cells in suspension by low-frequency dielectric spectroscopy. Cytotechnol. 13, 185-193 [Linearity, frequency-dependence]
35	Degouys, V., Cerckel, I., Garcia, A.,Harfield, J., Dubois, D., Fabry, L. & Miller, A.O.A. (1993) Dielectric spectroscopy of mammalian cells 2. Simultaneous in situ evaluation by aperture inpedance pulse spectroscopy and low-frequency dielectric spectroscopy of the biomass of HTC cells on Cytodex 3. Cytotechnol. 13, 195-202 [Linearity of immobilised cells]
43	Beving, H., Eriksson, L.E.G., Davey, C.L., & Kell, D.B. (1994) Dielectric properties of human blood and erythrocytes at radio frequencies (0.2-10MHz); dependence on cell volume fraction and medium composition. Eur.Biophys. J. 23, 207-215 [Use of the Biomass Monitor in medical applications]
48	Davey, C.L., Guan, Y., Kemp, R.B., & Kell, D.B. (1995) Real-time monitoring of the Biomass Content of animal cell cultures using dielectric spectroscopy - [Proceedings of the Symposium on Process Analysis of Animal Cell Culture (JAACT '95), Fukuoka, Japan. 6 - 10 Nov., 1995]
51	Noll, T., Biselli, M., & Wandrey, C., (1996) Wirbelschichtreaktor und Biomasse-Monitor - ein leistungsf?higes Fermentationssystem f?r S?ugerzellen. [Biospektrum 1: 65-67]
70	Guan, Y. & Kemp, R.B. The Viable Cell Monitor: A Dielectric Spectroscope for Growth and Metabolic Studies of Animal Cells on Macroporous Beads. Proc. 15th ESACT Meeting, Tours, Sept 1997 (ed. 0.-W. Merten), Kluwer Publ., Dordrecht.
76	Knoll, T., & Biselli, M. Dielectric Spectroscopy in the Cultivation of Suspended and Immobilised Hybridoma Cells. Journal of Biotechnology (1998) Vol 63 pp. 187-198
78	Zeiser, A., B?dard, C., Voyer, R., Jardin, B., Tom, R., & Kamen, R. R., On-line Monitoring of the Progress of Infection in Sf-9 Insect Cell Cultures Using Relative Permittivity Measurements. Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Vol. 63, No 1, pp.122-126 April 5th 1999
92	Olomolaiye D., Guan Y.H., Carvell J., Kemp R., Measurement of the Viable Cell Density: Validation and Integration of the Capacitance Biomass Monitor for Cell Culture Process Control. Presented in Animal Cell Technology: from Target to Market. Proceedings from the 17th ESACT Meeting, Tylosand, Sweden, June 10-14th 2001 pp 455-458
108	Arno Zeiser, Cynthia B. Elias, Robert Voyer, Barbara Jardin and Amine A. Kamen. On-line Monitoring of Physiological Parameters of Insect Cell Cultures during the Growth and Infection Process. American Chemical Society and American Institute of Chemical Engineers, Web publications 09.12.2000
114	Sergeant, D., Verecke, J., Moser, M., Carvell, J.P., Miller, A.O.A., Poppleton, J. Controlling a constant level of viable biomass in a perfused cytostat using radio-frequency impedance. Poster presented at Cell Engineering Conference, April ,2006.
116	Carvell, J.P., Poppleton, J., Dowd, J.E., Measurement and control of viable cell density in cGMP processes. Bioprocessing Journal. Spring 2006.
117	Carvell J.P., Dowd, J.E., On-line measurements and control of viable cell density in cell culture manufacturing processes using radio-frequency impedance. Cytotechnology (2006)50: 35-48
119	Ansorge, S., Henry, O., Aucoin, M., Voyer, R., Carvell, J., Kamen, A. Monitoring the cell size distribution of mammalian cell cultures using on-line capacitance measurements. 20th ESACT meeting Dresden, 17-20th June 2007
120	Sergeant, D., Moser, M., Carvell, J.P. Measurement and control of viable cell density in a mammalian cell bioprocessing facility: Validation of the software. 20th ESACT meeting Dresden, 17-20th June 2007
123	Henry, O., Ansorge, S., Aucoin, M. Voyer, R., Kamen, A. On-line monitoring of cell size distribution in mammalian cell culture processes. 10th Computer Applications in Biotechnology meeting Cancun, June 4-6 2007
124	Dowd, J, E., Jubb, A., Kwok, K.E., Piret, J.M. Optimization and control of perfusion cultures using a viable cell probe and cell specific perfusion rates. Cytotechnology, 42:35-45 2003.
125	Kaiser, C., Carvell, J.P., Luttmann, R. A sensitive, compact, in situ biomass measurement syste. Controlling and monitoring microbial fermentations using radio-frequency impedance. BioProcess Internationa 5(01):S52-56 (January 2007)

Immobilised cells

#	Description
8	Salter, G.J., Kell, D.B., Ash, L.A., Adams, J.M., Brown, A.J. & James, R. (1990) Hydrodynamic deposition: a novel method of cell immobilisation. Enz. Micr. Technol., 12, 419-430. [Describes the use of the Biomass Monitor as a convenient means of assessing the rate of biomass accumulation on-line and in real time in immobilised cell systems]
13	Markx, G.H. & Kell D.B. (1990) Dielectric spectroscopy as a tool for the measurement of the formation of biofilms and their removal by electrolytic cleaning pulses and biocides. Biofouling, 2, 211-227.
92	Olomolaiye D., Guan Y.H., Carvell J., Kemp R., Measurement of the Viable Cell Density: Validation and Integration of the Capacitance Biomass Monitor for Cell Culture Process Control. Presented in Animal Cell Technology: from Target to Market. Proceedings from the 17th ESACT Meeting, Tylosand, Sweden, June 10-14th 2001 pp 455-458
95	Ducommun P., Ruffieux P.A., Kadouri A., Process Development in a Packed Bed Reactor (Serono Group). Presented in Animal Cell Technology: from Target to Market. Proceedings from the 17th ESACT Meeting, Tylosand, Sweden, June 10-14th 2001 pp 410-411
98	Williams J., Carvell J., On-line Measurement of Viable Cells in Cell Culture. Presented at The Bacolovirus and Insect Cell Culture Conference, Santa Fe 25-28th Febraury 2002
99	Carvell J.P., Kemp R., Lucas C., On-line Measurement of Viable Cell Density In Microcarrier and Packed Bed Culture Systems. Presented at the Cell Culture Engineering VII, April 1-6th, 2002 Snowmass, Colorado
100	Duccommun P., Kadouri A., Von Stockar U, Marison I.W., On-line Determinations of Animal Cell Concentration in Two Industrial Processes by Dielectric Spectroscopy. Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Vol 77, No 3, February 5th 2002.

Water Industry

#	Description
110	E.J. November, C.C Cenens and J.F. Van Impe. Accuracy of On-line Viable Biomass Measurement Readings of Activated Sludge During Batch Process. Water Intelligence On-line 2002

Biotransformations & Toxicology

#	Description
42	Markx, G.H. & Kell, D.B. (1994) The use of dielectric permittivity for the control of the biomass level during biotransformations of toxic substrates in continuous culture. Advanced ACS Abstracts, Sept 15, 1994. [Use of Biomass Monitor using capacitance to control Biomass level: benzaldehyde; developing toxic resistant yeast line; control; biotransformations; continuous culture]

Solid Substrate

#	Description
29	Penaloza, W., Davey, C.L., Hedger, J.N. & Kell, D.B. (1992) Physiological studies on the quinoa tempe fermentation, using on-line measurements of fungal biomass production. J.Sci. Food Agric. 59, 227-235 [Further studies of a solid-state fermentation of filamentous fungi, using the Biomass Monitor]
84	Kaminski, P., Hedger, J., Williams, J., Bucke, C., Swadling, I., Dielectric Spectroscopy: A non-invasive technique for on-line monitoring of the growth of Rhizopus oligosporus saito during a novel solid substrate fermentation of quinoca grains.

Radio Frequency Impedance

#	Description
33	Davey, C.L., Davey, H.M., Kell, D.B. & Todd, R.W. (1993) Introduction to the dielectric estimation of cellular biomass in real time, with special emphasis on measurements at high volume fractions. Anal.Chim.Acta 279, 155-161. [Introduction, and model for loss of linearity between dielectric increment and biomass content at high volume fractions]
83	Kell, D. B., Davey, C., On Fitting Dielectric Spectra Using Artificial Neural Networks
106	Carvell, J.P. Monitoring "Live" Cell Concentrations in Real Time Using RF Impedance to Optimise Cell Culture Processes. BTI, October 2003, pp 8-10
114	Sergeant, D., Verecke, J., Moser, M., Carvell, J.P., Miller, A.O.A., Poppleton, J. Controlling a constant level of viable biomass in a perfused cytostat using radio-frequency impedance.
116	Carvell, J.P., Poppleton, J., Dowd, J.E., Measurement and control of viable cell density in cGMP processes. Bioprocessing Journal. Spring 06.